Evidence of spatial clustering of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases in Greater Mexico City: report from the Mexican Inter-Institutional Group for the identification of the causes of childhood leukemia.

Background: A heterogeneous geographic distribution of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases has been described, possibly, related to the presence of different environmental factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the geographical distribution of childhood ALL cases in Greater Mexico City (GMC). Methods: A population-based case-control study was conducted. Children <18 years old, newly diagnosed with ALL and residents of GMC were included. Controls were patients without leukemia recruited from second-level public hospitals, frequency-matched by sex, age, and health institution with the cases. The residence address where the patients lived during the last year before diagnosis (cases) or the interview (controls) was used for geolocation. Kulldorff's spatial scan statistic was used to detect spatial clusters (SCs). Relative risks (RR), associated p-value and number of cases included for each cluster were obtained. Results: A total of 1054 cases with ALL were analyzed. Of these, 408 (38.7%) were distributed across eight SCs detected. A relative risk of 1.61 (p<0.0001) was observed for the main cluster. Similar results were noted for the remaining seven ones. Additionally, a proximity between SCs, electrical installations and petrochemical facilities was observed. Conclusions: The identification of SCs in certain regions of GMC suggest the possible role of environmental factors in the etiology of childhood ALL.

Maternal dietary patterns and acute leukemia in infants: results from a case control study in Mexico.

Background: Childhood cancer is the leading cause of disease-related mortality among children aged 5-14 years in Mexico, with acute leukemia being the most common cancer among infants. Examining the overall dietary patterns allows for a comprehensive assessment of food and nutrient consumption, providing a more predictive measure of disease risk than individual foods or nutrients. This study aims to evaluate the association between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of acute leukemia in Mexican infants. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted, comparing 109 confirmed acute leukemia cases with 152 age-matched controls. All participants (≤24 months) were identified at hospitals in Mexico City between 2010 and 2019. Data on a posteriori dietary patterns and other relevant variables were collected through structured interviews and dietary questionnaires. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to estimate the association between maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and the risk of acute leukemia in infants. Results: The "Balanced & Vegetable-Rich" pattern, characterized by a balanced consumption of various food groups and higher vegetable intake, exhibited a negative association with acute leukemia when compared to the "High Dairy & Cereals" Pattern (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.29, 0.90). We observed that mothers who gave birth to girls and adhered to a healthy dietary pattern during pregnancy exhibited significantly lower odds of their children developing AL compared to those who gave birth to boys [OR = 0.32 (95% CI 0.11, 0.97)]. Our results underscore the significance of maternal nutrition as a modifiable factor in disease prevention and the importance of prenatal health education.

[Ultrasound-guided caudal block with ropivacaine in infraumbilical surgeries in pediatric patients]. / Bloqueo caudal ecoguiado con ropivacaína en cirugías infraumbilicales en pacientes pediátricos.

Background: The use of local anesthetics as part of multimodal analgesia is an attractive concept in pediatric patients, since the evaluation and management of pain is a challenge in children under 7 years of age. Despite having guidelines and multiple studies on volume calculation, no safe and effective recommendation has been issued. Objective: To demonstrate that ultrasound-guided caudal block with a dose of 0.75 mL/kg of 0.2% ropivacaine has the same analgesic effect as a dose of 1.2 mL/kg. Material and methods: Randomized, prospective, longitudinal, comparative equivalence clinical trial. One hundred patients 0-7 years of age scheduled for elective or emergency infraumbilical surgery were enrolled between April 2021 and January 2022. Children were randomized 1:1 to be assigned to ultrasound-guided caudal block. Results: 100 patients divided into two groups with 0.2% ropivacaine volumes (0.75 mL vs. 1.2 mL). Both groups demonstrated the trans-anesthetic and post-anesthetic sedoanalgesia variables without significant differences for both groups on the FLACC pain scale after surgery and in recovery (p > 0.5), in the pain reassessment on the FLACC scale in the office called chronic pain (p > 0.5) in both groups. No complications were reported in the follow-up consultations and no arrhythmias were reported in both groups during surgery. Conclusions: the results of both groups did not show differences between a volume of 0.75 mL and 1.2 mL, the administration of 0.2% ropivacaine is favored with the use of ultrasound, which allows effective administration of lower doses of local anesthetic with reduced risk of complications. It is necessary to carry out studies in other types of surgery to compare the use of less volume of local anesthetic compared to the Melman formula used in this study.

Introducción: el uso de anestésicos locales como parte de la analgesia multimodal es un concepto atractivo en pacientes pediátricos, ya que la evaluación y manejo del dolor es un reto en menores de 7 años. A pesar de contar con guías y múltiples estudios del cálculo de volumen no se ha emitido una recomendación segura y eficaz. Objetivo: demostrar que el bloqueo caudal ecoguiado con dosis de 0.75 mL/kg de ropivacaína 0.2% tiene el mismo efecto analgésico que la dosis de 1.2 mL/kg. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado de equivalencia, prospectivo, longitudinal, comparativo. Se enrolaron 100 pacientes de 0-7 años programados para cirugía infraumbilical electiva o de urgencia entre abril del 2021 y enero del 2022. Los niños fueron aleatorizados 1:1 para asignarse a la realización del bloqueo caudal guiado por ultrasonido. Resultados: de los 100 pacientes divididos en dos grupos con volúmenes de ropivacaína 0.2% (0.75 mL frente a 1.2 mL). Ambos grupos demostraron las variables de sedoanalgesia transanestésicas y postanestésicas sin diferencias significativas para ambos grupos en la escala de FLACC de dolor después de la cirugía y en recuperación (p > 0.5), en la revaloración de dolor en la escala de FLACC en el consultorio denominado dolor crónico (p > 0.5) en ambos grupos. No se reportaron complicaciones en las consultas de seguimiento y tampoco arritmias en ambos grupos durante la cirugía. Conclusiones: los resultados en ambos grupos no mostraron diferencias entre un volumen de 0.75 mL y 1.2 mL, la administración de ropivacaina 0.2% se favorece con el empleo de ultrasonido, lo que permite administración eficaz de dosis menores de anestésico local con reducción del riesgo de complicaciones. Es necesario realizar estudios en otros tipos de cirugía para comparar el uso de menos volumen de anestésico local frente a la fórmula de Melman que ocupamos en este estudio.

A protective maternal nutrient concomitant intake associated with acute leukemia might be modified by sex, in children under 2 years.

Introduction: Maternal dietary consumption during pregnancy has been inconclusively associated with acute leukemia (AL) in infants, probably because epidemiological evidence has emerged mainly from the analysis of one-by-one nutrient, which is not a real-life scenario. Our objective was to evaluate the association between AL in Mexican children under 2 years of age and their mothers' nutrients concomitant intake during pregnancy, as well as to explore whether there are differences between girls and boys. Methods: We conducted a study of 110 cases of AL and 252 hospital-based controls in the Mexico City Metropolitan area from 2010 to 2019. We obtained information on maternal intake of 32 nutrients by a food frequency questionnaire and used weighted quantile sum regression to identify nutrient concomitant intakes. Results: We found a concomitant intake of nutrients negatively associated with AL (OR 0.17; CI95% 0.03,0.88) only among girls; and we did not find a nutrient concomitant intake positively associated with AL. Discussion: This is the first study that suggests nutrients that have been individually associated with AL are not necessarily the same in the presence of other nutrients (concomitant intake); as well as that maternal diet might reduce AL risk only in girls.

[Levosimendan for preventing low output syndrome in pediatric patients with correction of tetralogy of Fallot]. / Levosimendán para prevenir el síndrome de bajo gasto en pacientes pediátricos con corrección de tetralogía de Fallot.

Background: Tetralogy of Fallot is one of the most frequent cyanotic heart diseases in our country, occupying the second place reported by the national health program 2007- 2012 and its prevalence is around 11%. Patients undergoing correction for tetralogy of Fallot are considered patients with a prolonged ischemic time and a high risk of presenting low cardiac output syndrome. Objective: To compare levosimendan with milrinone to prevent low cardiac output syndrome in patients undergoing tetralogy of Fallot correction. Material and methods: Randomized controlled open, prospective, longitudinal and comparative clinical trial. The sample size consisted of 19 patients, with a 95% confidence level. Group 1: levosimendan 0.1 mcg/kg/min from anesthetic induction. Group 2: conventional management with milrinone 0.5 mcg/kg/min. Results: When comparing the final measurements, it can be observed that the mean arterial pressure of the intervention group (levosimendan) was statistically significant (p = 0.04), both in the intraoperative measurement and in the final measurement. When comparing uresis, we found that the intervention group had a greater amount of uresis (p = 0.03). Regarding lactate, both in the intraoperative measurement (p = 0.002) and in the final measurement (p = 0.02), a lower amount was found in the intervention group. Conclusions: The results in favor of the use of levosimendan were reported, demonstrating the prevention of low cardiac output syndrome.

Introducción: la tetralogía de Fallot es una de las cardiopatías cianóticas más frecuentes de nuestro país, pues ocupa el segundo lugar reportado por el Programa Nacional de Salud 2007-2012 y su prevalencia se sitúa aproximadamente en 11%. Los pacientes sometidos a corrección de tetralogía de Fallot se consideran pacientes con un tiempo de isquemia prolongado y con riesgo alto de presentar síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco. Objetivo: comparar levosimendán con milrinona para prevenir el síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco en pacientes operados de corrección de tetralogía de Fallot. Material y métodos: ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, abierto, prospectivo, longitudinal y comparativo. El tamaño de la muestra se estimó en 19 pacientes, con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En el grupo 1 se empleó 0.1 mcg/kg/min de levosimendán desde la inducción anestésica; en el grupo 2 se usó el manejo convencional con milrinona de 0.5 mcg/kg/min. Resultados: al comparar las mediciones finales se pudo observar que la presión arterial media del grupo de intervención (levosimendán) fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0.04), tanto en la medición transoperatoria como en la medición final. Al comparar la uresis encontramos que el grupo con intervención tuvo mayor cantidad de uresis (p = 0.03). En cuanto al lactato, tanto en la medición transoperatoria (p = 0.002) como en la medición final (p = 0.02) se encontró una menor cantidad en el grupo de intervención. Conclusiones: se reportaron los resultados a favor del uso del levosimendán, pues se demostró que previene el síndrome de bajo gasto cardiaco.

Maternal and paternal ages at conception of index child and risk of childhood acute leukaemia: A multicentre case-control study in Greater Mexico City.

BACKGROUND: The parental age at conception has been reported to be a risk factor for childhood acute leukaemia (AL); however, the relationship is controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between parental age at conception and the risk of AL in Mexican children, a population with a high incidence of the disease and a high prevalence of pregnancies in adolescents and young adults. METHODS: A multicentre case-control study was conducted. Incident AL cases younger than 17 years of age diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 were included. Controls were matched with cases according to age, sex, and health institution. Using logistic regression analysis, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI) were calculated for each maternal stratum after adjusting for paternal age at conception of index child. The maternal age between 25 and 29.99 years was selected as the reference category. RESULTS: In most strata where maternal and paternal ages were assessed, no association was found with the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in their offspring. An increased risk for AML was observed when the mother was between 20 and 24.99 years of age and the father aged 25-29.99 years (aOR, 1.94; 95 % CI, 1.03-3.67). In addition, there was a positive association for ALL when the mother´s age was between 20 and 24.99 years and the father was <20 years of age, however, a very wide confidence interval was noted (aOR, 12.26; 95 % CI, 1.41-106.83). CONCLUSION: In the present study, maternal and paternal ages assessed in different strata showed little association with risk of developing ALL and AML in children. Positive associations between risk of both types of childhood AL were observed with younger paternal and maternal ages.

A greater birthweight increases the risk of acute leukemias in Mexican children-experience from the Mexican Interinstitutional Group for the Identification of the Causes of Childhood Leukemia (MIGICCL).

In Mexico, due to the high rates of diabetes, overweight, and obesity, there has also been noted an increased newborn weight, which may be contributing to the elevated incidence rate of childhood acute leukemia (AL). We conducted a case-control study in public hospitals of Mexico City aimed to know whether a greater weight at birth is associated with a higher risk of developing leukemia. We included incident cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) diagnosed between 2010 and 2015. Controls were frequency-matched to the cases by age, sex, and health institution. Logistic regression analysis was performed adjusting risks by child's sex, overcrowding index, birth order, and mother's age at the time of pregnancy. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. A total of 1455 cases and 1455 controls were included. An evident association between ALL and child's birthweight ≥2500 g was found (aOR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.59, 2.66) and also, in those with birthweight ≥3500 g (aOR 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.41). In AML patients with birthweight ≥2500 g and ≥3500 g, an aOR of 1.77 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.94) and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.03-1.95) was observed, respectively. No association was noticed with either type of AL and a birthweight ≥4000 g. To sum up, we found a moderate association between not having a low birthweight and an increased risk of acute leukemias. Birthweight ≥3500 g was also a risk factor for both types of leukemia. This suggests that a greater birthweight may increase the risk of acute leukemias in Mexican children.

[Anesthesic management during total organic separation of pygopagus conjoined twins]. / Manejo anestésico durante la separación orgánica total de gemelos unidos pigópagos.

BACKGROUND: Conjoined twins are among the most rare and challenging congenital malformations. The incidence varies from 1:30 000 to 1:200 000 live births. Pygopagus twins account for about 10 to 18% of all conjoined twins. CLINICAL CASE: We report the case of male conjoined pygopagus twins. They shared medullary canal, anal canal and sacrococcygeal region, without any degree of cross circulation. At the moment of the surgery, twin 1 had congenital heart disease without medical treatment. Twin 2 presented craniofacial malformations. The total organic separation was performed electively, by being driven by two teams of anesthesiologists with balanced general anesthesia, intravenous and sequential induction intubation. Non-invasive and invasive monitoring was used for both twins. During the transanesthetic period, twin 1 presented multiple hypercyanotic episodes associated to hypovolemia and hypotension. Twin 2 remained stable. During the final separation acute bleeding and hemodynamic instability showed up, requiring the use of inotropes, vasopressors and blood components. The twins were sent to intensive care where they remained under surveillance for three days. They were discharged a month and a half after the surgical event. CONCLUSIONS: Each type of siamese has specific characteristics depending on the type of union; comprehensive knowledge of the morphology and physiopathology of the twins is essential for optimal anesthetic management.

INTRODUCCIÓN: los gemelos unidos son una de las más raras y desafiantes malformaciones congénitas. Su incidencia varía de 1:30 000 a 1:200 000 nacidos vivos. Los gemelos pygopagus (pigópagos) representan del 10 al 18% de todos los gemelos unidos. CASO CLÍNICO: se presenta el caso de gemelos masculinos unidos pigópagos. Compartían canal medular, canal anorrectal y región sacrococcígea y no tenían ningún grado de circulación cruzada. Al momento del evento quirúrgico, el gemelo 1 era portador de cardiopatía congénita cianógena sin tratamiento médico. El gemelo 2 tenía malformaciones craneofaciales. La separación orgánica total se realizó de forma electiva; se llevó a cabo por dos equipos de anestesiólogos, con anestesia general balanceada, inducción intravenosa e intubación secuencial. Se empleó monitoreo no invasivo e invasivo para ambos. El gemelo 1 presentó durante el transanestésico múltiples episodios de hipercianosis asociados a hipovolemia e hipotensión. El gemelo 2 se mantuvo estable. Durante la separación definitiva se presentó sangrado agudo e inestabilidad hemodinámica, lo cual requirió el uso de inotrópicos, vasopresores y hemocomponentes. Los gemelos egresaron a terapia, donde permanecieron en vigilancia durante tres días. Fueron dados de alta un mes y medio después del evento quirúrgico. CONCLUSIÓN: cada tipo de siameses tiene características específicas dependiendo del tipo de unión; el conocimiento de la morfología y la fisiopatología es esencial para ofrecer un óptimo manejo anestésico.

[Transcatheter aortic valve implantation for aortic stenosis. Initial experience]. / Tratamiento de la estenosis valvular aórtica con implante de prótesis valvular transcatéter. Experiencia inicial.

BACKGROUND: Aortic stenosis is a frequent disease in the elderly, and is associated with other systemic pathologies that may contraindicate the surgical procedure. Another option for these patients is percutaneous aortic valve implantation, which is less invasive. We present our initial experience with this procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with aortic stenosis were included once selection criteria were accomplished. Under general anaesthesia and echocardiographic and fluosocopic control, a transcatheter aortic valve was implanted following s valvuloplasty. Once concluded the procedure, angiographic and pressure control was realized in order to confirm the valve function. RESULTS: Between November 2014 and May 2015, 6 patients were treated (4 males and 2 females), with a mean age of 78.83±5.66 years-old. The preoperative transvalvular gradient was 90.16±28.53mmHg and posterior to valve implant was 3.33±2.92mmHg (P<.05). Two patients had concomitant coronary artery disease which had been treated previously. One patient presented with acute right coronary artery occlusion which was immediately treated. However due to previous renal failure, postoperative sepsis and respiratory failure, the patient died one month later. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that our preliminary results showed that in selected patients percutaneous aortic valve implantation is a safe procedure with clinical improvement for treated patients.

Trasplante de corazón y riñón en un paciente de 24 años / Heart and kidney transplant on a 24-year-old man

Resumen Introducción: Los enfermos potenciales de trasplante cardiaco son, en muchos casos, portadores de falla renal moderada o severa que se ve agravada en el transcurso del trasplante de corazón, lo que puede arruinar los buenos resultados que en general se obtienen con el trasplante cardiaco. Objetivo: Dar a conocer que en la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) del Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", del Centro Médico Nacional (CMN), "La Raza" se realizan trasplantes de corazón y riñón. Presentación del caso: Paciente varón de 24 años de edad que presenta insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC) idiopática de 5 años de evolución, en tratamiento con diálisis peritoneal que inicia protocolo de estudio para trasplante renal, durante el que se diagnostica insuficiencia cardiaca secundaria a miocardiopatía dilatada por cateterismo y ecocardiografía transtorácica (ECCOT), motivo por el que se decide realizar trasplante cardiaco y posterior trasplante renal del mismo donador. Discusión: El fallo cardíaco refractario ha sido considerado durante mucho tiempo como una contraindicación para el trasplante renal y viceversa. Los avances en las técnicas de conservación de órganos, técnicas anestésico-quirúrgicas, tratamiento inmunosupresor y cuidados postoperatorios han permitido que los pacientes que requieran de un segundo órgano sean trasplantados. Conclusión: Este es el caso de un hombre de 24 años de edad con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica Terminal y una Miocardiopatía dilatada, que se sometió a Trasplante de Corazón y 18 horas después Trasplante Renal en la UMAE, Hospital General CMN "La Raza" en Mayo de 2014, recibió terapia inmunosupresora. Ambos injertos están funcionando adecuadamente y no se han producido episodios de rechazo agudo; además de brindarle una mejor calidad de vida. El trasplante de órganos sólidos es la modalidad terapéutica actual de elección para la mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedades terminales del corazón y el riñón.

Abstract Introduction: The potential heart transplant patients are, in many cases, carriers of moderate or severe renal failure that worsens during a heart transplant; this event might ruin the beneficial results generally obtained with heart transplantation. Objective: To communicate that heart and kidney transplants are being performed in the Medical Unit of High Specialty (UMAE), General Hospital "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza" National Medical Center (NMC), "La Raza". Case report: A twenty-four-year-old male patient with chronic Idiopathic renal failure (CRF) with an evolution of 5 years, treated with peritoneal dialysis began a study protocol for renal transplantation during which heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy was diagnosed by catheterization and transthoracic echocardiography (ECCOT). Therefore, it was decided to perform a heart transplant and a subsequent same donor renal transplant. Discussion: The refractory heart failure has been long regarded as a contraindication for kidney transplantation and vice versa. Advances in organ preservation, anesthetic and surgical techniques, immunosuppressive treatment and postoperative care have facilitated transplants for patients needing a second organ. Conclusión: This is a case report from a 24 year old man with Chronic Renal Failure and dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent a heart transplant and 18 hours later Renal Transplantation with immunosuppressive therapy; the procedures were performed in the UMAE, Hospital General CMN "La Raza" in May 2011, both grafts were properly functioning and no episodes of acute rejection have been reported; the patient's life quality greatly improved. The solid organ transplantation is the current treatment modality of choice for most patients with terminal heart disease and kidney.

Túnel aórtico a ventrículo izquierdo Reporte de caso y manejo anestésico / Computed tomography as a diagnostic guidance for malignant pleural mesothelioma

Resumen: El hospital del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) La Raza, "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza" es referente en la atención médica de nuestro país. En él se atiende preferentemente a población pediátrica y, de ésta, a un gran porcentaje con patología cardiaca congénita. La incidencia de afecciones en este hospital concuerda con lo reportado en la literatura, siendo las más frecuentes: comunicación interventricular (CIV), comunicación interauricular (CIA), persistencia de conducto arterioso (PCA), coartación aórtica (CoAo), tetralogía de Fallot, conexión anómala de venas pulmonares (CAVP), y transposición de las grandes arterias (TGA), entre otras. El túnel aórtoventricular a es una cardiopatía congénita poco frecuente, ya que ocupa < 0.1% de todas las malformaciones congénitas; el 90% de los casos comunica al ventrículo izquierdo. Hasta el 2007 se han reportado cerca de 130 casos en la literatura, con predominio sobre el sexo masculino en relación 2:1. Algunos pacientes presentan soplo en el corazón y cardiomegalia, pero la mayoría sufren de insuficiencia cardiaca en el primer año de vida. El estudio de elección para el diagnóstico es la ecocardiografía. Por lo general se tratan quirúrgicamente, pero en casos seleccionados se puede cerrar mediante cateterismo percutáneo. En nuestro hospital, este caso es el segundo en quince años, ambos en varones y tratados en forma quirúrgica. Inicialmente, el diagnóstico se sospechó por ecocardiografía y se realizó en forma definitiva mediante angiotomografía. La información respecto al manejo anestésico para esta cardiopatía congénita es escasa, Carol L. Lake y cols., describen en forma breve los objetivos anestésicos, mejorando la fracción de eyección y la poscarga, así como la disminución de las resistencias vasculares sistémicas; el mejorar el mayor flujo hacia delante; la terapia crónica con vasodilatadores, diuréticos o digital; el uso de halogenados, y las medidas previas a la canulación cardiaca y la salida del by-pass. Debido a la escasa información sobre el manejo anestésico aunada a la poca frecuencia de esta malformación, nos dimos a la tarea de realizar el reporte de este caso para dar herramientas en el tratamiento desde el punto de vista anestésico.

Abstract: The hospital of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (MISS), the National Medical Center La Raza "Dr. Gaudencio Gonzalez Garza" (NMC La Raza), is a center of reference and concentration for medical attention provided in our country, preferably we provide pediatric medical care and a high percentage of those with congenital cardiac pathology. The incidence in our hospital is according to the results posted in the medical journals, being the most frecuent: Interventricular Communication (IVC), Interatrial Communication (IAC), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA), tetralogy of Fallot, Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC), Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA), among others. The aorto-ventricular tunnel is an infrequent congenital heart disease less than 0.1% of all congenital malformations, of which 90% of the cases communicate the left ventricule. About 130 cases have been reported until 2007, prevailing the male cases in ratio 2:1. Some patients present a heart murmur and cardiomegaly, but most of them suffer from heart failure in the first year, the study of choice for diagnosis is echocardiography. Generaly they are treated with surgery, but in selected cases they can be treated with percutaneous catheterization. In our hospital this is the second one in 15 years, both male and they were treated with surgery. The diagnosis was initially suspected by echocardiography and through tomography was performed in final form. The information in reference to the anesthetic management for this congenital heart disease is limited, Carol L. Lake et al., described briefly the anethetics objetctives improving the ejection fraction and the afterload; the decrease of the systemic vascular resistance and improving more flow forward, as well as chronic vasodilator therapy, diuretics or digital; the use of halogenated and the previous mesurements to the cardiac cannulation, and to the bypass output. Due to the insufficient information about the anesthetic management coupled with the rarity of this malformation, we took on the task of reporting this case providing tools for treatment from the point of view anesthetic.

Efecto ansiolítico y amnésico del midazolam comparado con el diazepam en la medicación preanestésica / Ansiolytic and amnesia effect of midazolam versus diazepam in preanesthetic medication

Las benzodiacepinas con el diazepam y el midazolam son psicofármacos capaces de modificar de manera diversa los fenómenos intelectuales, sean éstos normales o patológicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo, fue analizar el grado anasiolítico y amnésico del midazolam y el diazepam en la medicación preanestésica. Se estudiaron 40 pacientes divididos en dos grupos de 20 cada uno, todos del sexo masculino, para cirugía electiva ortopédica, con técnica anestésica regional. Al grupo I se le administró midazolam, al grupo II se le aplicó diazepam; a ambos se les realizó el test IDARE y la prueba Guestáltica Visuomotora de Bender en la sala preanestésica y posteriormente a la llegada de los pacientes a recuperación. Los cambios encontrados no fueron significativos en la amnesia y en la ansiolísis, aunque la respuesta a la percepción visuo-espacial y coordinación motriz fue mejor para el grupo de midazolam. Las benzodiacepinas dentro de los tranquilizantes menores son los compuestos más modernos y de mayor uso terapéutico, son sintéticas, ejercen las mismas acciones cualitativas, tienen el mismo mecanismo de acción, aunque existen diferencias cuantitativas en su espectro farmacodinámico

Comparación entre los efectos de la analgesia regional y anestesia general sobre la valoración neuroconductual de recién nacidos extraidos mediante operación cesárea / Comparation between the effects of regional analgesia and general anesthesia in the neurobehavioral response in newborns during cesarean section

Se examinaron 52 recién nacidos a término, aplicándose la prueba NACS; hijos de madres sanas a quienes se les realizó operación cesárea electiva, con edad de 20 a 34 y en quienes no hubo datos de sufrimiento fetal agudo o crónico. Se dividieron en 2 grupos: grupo I constituido por 27 recién nacidos a cuyas madres se les administró anestesia general con tiopental, O2, N2O y enflurano; y el grupo II constituido por 25 neonatos a cuyas madres se les aplicó bloqueo epidural con lidocaína. Todos los neonatos se evaluaron en los primeros 90 minutos de vida y 24 horas después. La valoración estadística se hizo mediante la aplicación de la T de Student. Cuando se utilizó la anestesia general los cambios neuroconductuales fueron significativamente mayores con respecto a los neonatos cuyas madres recibieron bloqueo peridural con una diferencia estadística de P<.0001.